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class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"common-circuit-board-issues\">\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"preparing-to-test-your-circuit-board\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"essential-tools-for-circuit-board-testing\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f: \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645: \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645: \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641: \u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"safety-precautions\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. 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class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"solder-joint-quality\">\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628. \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"component-orientation\">\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"broken-traces\">\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"foreign-objects\">\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0637\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"reviewing-the-circuit-board-schematic\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 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\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"selecting-the-appropriate-multimeter-mode\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 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\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"resistance-mode-ohms\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u0645)<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u03a9. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dc-voltage-mode\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 V \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ac-voltage-mode\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0641 V \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062c. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"current-mode-amps\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 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id=\"connecting-multimeter-probes-to-the-circuit-board\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 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\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-for-continuity\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a 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\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \"\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0631\" \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-specific-circuit-board-components-with-a-multimeter\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-resistors\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f. \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (\u03a9). \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0643. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u00b15% \u0623\u0648 \u00b11%)\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-capacitors\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646. \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-diodes\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f. \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.6-0.7 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \"OL\" (\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \"OL\" \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-transistors\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 (BJTs)\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 (NPN \u0623\u0648 PNP) \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 (\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639). \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a NPN\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 0.6-0.7 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \"OL\" \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a PNP\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a NPN. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-integrated-circuits-ics\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (ICs)<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f. \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a IC. \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 IC \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-other-common-components\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 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id=\"advanced-circuit-board-testing-techniques-with-a-multimeter\">\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648<br>\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"performing-functional-tests-inputoutput-testing-timing-and-frequency-tests\">\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-power-and-ground-connections\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"checking-for-short-circuits\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"testing-communication-ports-and-interfaces\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 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class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"using-a-multimeter-in-conjunction-with-other-testing-tools\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 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id=\"interpreting-multimeter-test-results-and-troubleshooting-circuit-boards\">\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"analyzing-and-interpreting-multimeter-readings\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u00b15% \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"common-patterns-in-test-results-indicating-specific-issues\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"no-voltage-where-expected\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0647\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"voltage-present-where-it-shouldnt-be\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"resistance-much-lower-than-expected\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"resistance-much-higher-than-expected\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fluctuating-readings\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"reversed-polarity-in-diode-test\">\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"comparing-test-results-to-circuit-specifications\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 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