{"id":9610,"date":"2024-12-30T03:39:38","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T03:39:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.besterpcba.com\/?p=9610"},"modified":"2024-12-30T03:39:39","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T03:39:39","slug":"does-a-circuit-board-base-have-low-resistance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.besterpcba.com\/ar\/%d9%87%d9%84-%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%87\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u061f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"electrical-properties\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>FR-4 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4.2-4.8) \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 10<sup>12<\/sup> 10<sup>14<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 GHz \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cem1-a-costeffective-alternative\">CEM-1: \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>CEM-1 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 FR-4. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 FR-4, \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631. \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"composition\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 CEM-1 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 FR-4 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"typical-applications\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u060c CEM-1 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 LED, \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"electrical-properties\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>CEM-1 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 FR-4 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 FR-4 \u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ptfe-teflon-excelling-in-highfrequency-applications\">PTFE (\u062a\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u060c PTFE \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"composition\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 PTFE \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627. PTFE \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0644, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"typical-applications\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f, PTFE \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 RF \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631, \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"electrical-properties\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f PTFE \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (2.1) \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 10<sup>16<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062c-\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"polyimide-withstanding-extreme-temperatures\">\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f: \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"composition\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 imide \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"typical-applications\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"electrical-properties\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3.5) \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 10<sup>16<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7\u0645 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"emerging-materials-pushing-the-boundaries\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f: \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"liquid-crystal-polymers-lcps\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a (LCPs)<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"thermoplastic-composites\">\u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 polyetheretherketone (\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629) \u0648 polyphenylene \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f (PPS) \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"factors-affecting-resistance-of-circuit-board-base-materials\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"material-composition-the-foundation-of-resistance\">\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"molecular-structure\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 PTFE, \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a C-F \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a PTFE, \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644, \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"purity\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"composite-nature\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u062c. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 FR-4, \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0646\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"temperature-a-dynamic-influence\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"thermal-energy-and-electron-mobility\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"temperature-coefficient-of-resistance-tcr\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (TCR)<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 TCR. TCR \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629, \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0645-1, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"moisture-absorption-the-enemy-of-insulation\">\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"polarity-of-water\">\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"material-susceptibility\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629). \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 PTFE \u0648 LCPs \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequency-the-highfrequency-challenge\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f: \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dielectric-loss\">\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"energy-dissipation\">\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644 (\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644) \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"highfrequency-performance\">\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 PTFE \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"manufacturing-process-subtle-variations\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"curing-and-lamination\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quality-control\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"measuring-resistance-of-circuit-board-base-materials\">\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633:<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"volume-resistivity-measuring-resistance-through-the-bulk\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0631 (\u03a9\u00b7\u0645).<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"test-method\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. ASTM D257 \u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"significance\">\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629. \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"surface-resistivity-measuring-resistance-along-the-surface\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 (\u03a9\/\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639).<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"test-method\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. ASTM D257 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"significance\">\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (ESD) \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"high-resistance-vs-low-resistance-in-circuit-board-bases\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-high-resistance-is-generally-desired\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"insulation\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. <strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"signal-integrity\">\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629, \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"power-efficiency\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"scenarios-where-lower-resistance-might-be-acceptable-or-preferred\">\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628, \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ground-planes\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643, \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"specialized-applications\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"applications-where-resistance-is-critical\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"highfrequency-circuits\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631, \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627. \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 PTFE \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"highvoltage-circuits\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sensitive-analog-circuits\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"consequences-of-inappropriate-resistance\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"problems-caused-by-too-low-resistance\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"signal-leakage\">\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0637\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"crosstalk\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"power-loss\">\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 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ESD \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"difficulties-in-grounding\">\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a 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\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621), \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629, \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 FR-4, CEM-1, PTFE \u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. 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